Where to buy Semax: sourcing realities for r/nootropics

Last updated 2026-07-24

Why is Semax not available through normal channels in the US?

Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide (Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro) derived from a fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone. It has been used clinically in Russia since the 1980s for stroke, traumatic brain injury, and cognitive impairment, and appears on that country's essential medicines list. It is not approved by the FDA for any indication ^[1]. It is not listed as a supplement ingredient with a history of use before 1994 under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act. It is not GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) for food use. It is not on the 503A or 503B bulk substances lists maintained by the FDA, so compounding pharmacies cannot legally use it unless a prescriber nominates it and the patient meets narrow criteria ^[2][3]. Because Semax is an unapproved drug under U.S. law, importing it for personal use violates 21 U.S.C. 331(d). The FDA does not allow individuals to import unapproved drugs unless they meet the narrow personal importation policy (serious condition, no comparable domestic therapy, and no commercialization risk), and peptides ordered from online vendors do not meet that standard ^[4]. Customs and Border Protection may seize packages; there is no reliable "small quantity" exemption. That legal reality explains why r/nootropics threads on Semax sourcing are full of hedged language, deleted vendor names, and warnings. The supply chain exists outside the law. The Russian clinical literature is extensive. One 2018 study in ischemic stroke patients, published in *Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova*, reported efficacy across early and late stroke stages ^[5]. A 2014 genome-wide transcriptional analysis found that Semax modulated expression of genes related to immune and vascular systems following cerebral ischemia in rats ^[6]. A 2020 study using a functional connectomic approach showed effects on brain network connectivity in rodents ^[7]. These are real findings in real journals. None were conducted under FDA Investigational New Drug protocols, and none have been replicated in U.S.-registered clinical trials.

What does the r/nootropics community actually do to source Semax?

The r/nootropics subreddit has recurring threads asking "where to buy Semax" because the answer keeps changing. Peptide vendors come and go. Payment processors ban accounts. Domains disappear. The most commonly named sources over the past five years have included Ceretropic (shut down in 2018), Cosmic Nootropic (Russia-based, unreliable shipping post-2022), and a rotating cast of gray-market peptide sellers who list Semax nasal spray alongside BPC-157, TB-500, and other research peptides. These vendors typically describe their products as "for research purposes only" to avoid direct FDA enforcement. That label has no legal effect. Selling an unapproved drug for human use, even if you print a disclaimer, is illegal. Buying it for personal use is illegal. You're unlikely to face prosecution, but the product can be seized and you have zero recourse if it's contaminated, underdosed, or fake. Science.bio, which was widely recommended on Reddit for peptides, announced closure in early 2022. Prices for Semax nasal spray from active gray-market vendors as of mid-2024 ranged from $35 to $90 for a 10 mg vial, depending on concentration and shipping. Most ship from Eastern Europe or China. Lead times are two to six weeks. Customs seizure risk is real. Some users report obtaining Semax through international pharmacies that do not require prescriptions, particularly in Russia and Eastern Europe. These purchases still violate U.S. import law, and the products are not tested by any authority you can verify. The only legal route in the United States is a compounding pharmacy filling a prescription from a licensed provider. That's the route I'd use if I wanted this peptide. It's also the only route where you can see a certificate of analysis from a U.S.-accredited lab.

Can a U.S. compounding pharmacy legally make Semax?

Maybe. It depends on the pharmacy type and the prescriber's clinical rationale. Under 21 U.S.C. 353a, a state-licensed compounding pharmacy (503A) can compound a drug from bulk substances if the substance appears on the FDA's 503A bulk list or if it meets specific criteria ^[8]. Semax is not on that list ^[2]. For an unlisted substance, the prescriber must document that the commercially available products are not medically appropriate for the patient, and the substance must be a component of an FDA-approved drug or appear on certain other limited rosters. Semax meets none of those conditions. However, the FDA has stated that it does not intend to take action against 503A pharmacies for using a bulk substance that has been nominated for inclusion on the list, provided the nomination is still under review and the pharmacy follows good compounding practices ^[9]. Semax has been nominated multiple times (the nomination list is public, updated periodically, and runs to hundreds of pages ^[10]). As of mid-2024, no final decision had been published. In practice, some compounding pharmacies will fill a Semax prescription under that enforcement discretion window. Others refuse. The ones that do typically require a detailed clinical note from the provider explaining why no FDA-approved alternative is suitable. They also require the patient to sign an informed consent acknowledging that the drug is not FDA-approved. A 503B outsourcing facility can only use substances on the 503B bulk list ^[3]. Semax is not on it. No 503B facility will make Semax. If you are working with a telehealth provider or a longevity clinic that offers Semax, they are routing the prescription to a 503A pharmacy that has decided to accept the nomination-pending rationale. That's the legitimate path. It costs more than the gray market (typically $90 to $200 for a 10 mg vial, depending on the pharmacy and concentration), but you get a product made in a state-inspected facility using USP-grade bulk powder, third-party tested for potency and sterility.

What does the evidence actually say about Semax?

Semax has decades of use in Russia and a literature that is almost entirely Russian-language, rodent studies, or small clinical trials not registered with international trial databases. That doesn't make the evidence fake, but it does mean it hasn't been subjected to the FDA's approval process or replicated in Western academic centers. A 2025 paper in the *British Journal of Pharmacology* found that Semax targets the μ opioid receptor gene Oprm1 and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury in female mice ^[11]. A 2022 study in *ACS Chemical Neuroscience* showed that Semax affects copper-induced amyloid beta aggregation in artificial membrane models, suggesting possible relevance for Alzheimer's disease ^[12]. A 2006 study in the *Journal of Neurochemistry* reported that Semax binds specifically and increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein in the rat basal forebrain ^[13]. A 2020 transcriptome analysis found that Semax modulated gene expression in rat brain regions with different degrees of ischemic damage ^[14]. A 2018 fMRI study in *Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine* reported changes in the default mode network in human volunteers after Semax administration ^[15]. Sample size was not large. A 2008 paper in *CNS Spectrums* discussed the theoretical potential of Semax for depression, citing preclinical data on dopaminergic and serotonergic activation ^[16][17]. No large randomized controlled trial in depression has been published in English-language journals. The Russian clinical use is real. The problem is that the FDA does not grant approval based on Russian trials and two-decade clinical use in a single country. That approval gap is why Semax remains in a legal gray zone in the U.S. If you're deciding whether to pursue Semax, you're weighing rodent studies, small human trials, and off-label clinical use against the absence of FDA approval and the need to work through a compounding pharmacy. That's a choice you make with a provider who knows your history, not one you make by reading Reddit and ordering from a website.

What are the risks of sourcing Semax from gray-market vendors?

You have no meaningful quality assurance. Peptide vendors do not operate under FDA good manufacturing practice rules. They are not inspected. Certificates of analysis (when provided) are often generated by third-party labs that do not follow ISO accreditation standards. You cannot verify purity, sterility, or identity. A 2026 review in the *Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons* noted that therapeutic peptides face significant challenges in quality control, including aggregation, oxidation, and variable bioavailability ^[18]. Those problems are worst in the gray market, where there is no regulatory pressure to solve them. Semax is typically supplied as a lyophilized powder or in a nasal spray. Nasal sprays have shorter shelf lives if not stored correctly. Peptides degrade with heat, light, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles. If you order from overseas, your vial may sit in a non-climate-controlled shipping container for weeks. There is no product liability. If you have an adverse reaction or an infection from a contaminated vial, you cannot sue a vendor with no verified address. If the product is seized by customs, you've lost your money and cannot dispute the charge. The pharmacological risk is harder to pin down because Semax has been used in hundreds of thousands of patients in Russia with relatively few serious adverse events reported. The safety issue is the sourcing, not the molecule. If you had pharmaceutical-grade Semax, the risk profile looks manageable based on the literature. If you have something made in a garage in Shenzhen, the risk is anything.

How do you actually get Semax through a provider and compounding pharmacy?

You start with a provider who is willing to write a prescription for an unapproved compounded drug. That will not be your general practitioner. It's typically a longevity-focused clinic, a functional medicine physician, or a telehealth service that specializes in peptides and nootropics. Those providers charge consultation fees (usually $75 to $300 for an initial visit). The provider will take a history, review any cognitive or neurological complaints, and document why no FDA-approved drug is appropriate. They will explain the off-label and unapproved status of Semax. You'll sign an informed consent. Then they send a prescription to a 503A compounding pharmacy that has agreed to compound Semax under the nomination-pending enforcement discretion. The pharmacy will call you to confirm the order and payment. They typically require payment up front because insurance does not cover unapproved drugs. They'll ask about allergies and any other compounded medications. They mix the peptide, run in-house sterility and potency tests (or send a sample to a third-party lab), and ship it in a cooler with ice packs. You receive a vial labeled with your name, the peptide name, concentration, beyond-use date, and storage instructions. Most Semax nasal sprays are dosed at 0.1% to 0.15% (300 to 600 mcg per spray), used once or twice daily. Total cost, including the consult and the first vial, runs $200 to $400. Refills are cheaper because you don't pay the consult fee again. That's the process at Semax Labs, which partners with a U.S. compounding pharmacy to fulfill provider-reviewed Semax prescriptions. They don't make anything themselves. They connect patients with licensed providers, and the prescriptions are filled by a state-licensed 503A pharmacy that has accepted the legal rationale for compounding Semax. It's the only model where you're not breaking import law or gambling on a vial from a vendor with no accountability.

What are the typical Semax doses and administration methods?

Semax is used intranasally in nearly all human studies and clinical practice. One spray per nostril delivers 300 to 600 mcg, depending on concentration. The Russian clinical protocols for stroke and brain injury use 600 to 3000 mcg per day, divided into two or three doses, for 10 to 14 days ^[5]. For cognitive enhancement or neuroprotection, users on r/nootropics report 300 to 1200 mcg per day, often cycling (5 days on, 2 days off, or 4 weeks on, 2 weeks off). One 2010 Russian study compared intranasal, intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes in rats and found that intranasal administration produced measurable nootropic and analgesic effects ^[19]. Injectable Semax is used in Russian hospitals but is uncommon in U.S. compounding and carries higher infection risk if you're self-administering. Half-life data is limited. The peptide is rapidly degraded by peptidases in plasma. Intranasal delivery bypasses first-pass metabolism and likely achieves higher central nervous system concentrations. Duration of effect appears to be hours, not days, based on the dosing schedules in clinical trials. For more detail, see how many mg of Semax a day and Semax half life.

Are there any Semax analogues, and how do they differ?

N-acetyl-semax-amidate is a modified version with an acetyl group on the N-terminus and an amide on the C-terminus. The structural changes make it more resistant to enzymatic degradation, which theoretically extends the duration of action. There is less clinical data on this analogue than on unmodified Semax. It's popular on r/nootropics for anecdotal reasons (users report stronger and longer effects), but the mechanism is not well characterized in peer-reviewed studies. A 2016 paper in the *Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry* examined how N-terminus acetylation affects Semax's coordination with copper(II) and zinc(II) and its biological properties ^[20]. The modifications changed metal binding, which could influence the peptide's interactions with amyloid beta and oxidative stress pathways. That's interesting, but it doesn't tell you whether the clinical effect is better, worse, or the same. Selank is a different ACTH-related peptide (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro) with anxiolytic properties. It's not the same molecule and not a direct substitute. A 2020 functional connectomic study compared Selank and Semax effects and found distinct patterns of brain network modulation ^[7]. For a full comparison, see Semax vs N-acetyl Semax amidate.

What are the known side effects and contraindications?

Reported side effects in the Russian literature are generally mild. They include nasal irritation (the most common), headache, dizziness, and transient increases in anxiety or restlessness. One 2021 study in *Neuropeptides* found that Semax attenuated behavioural and neurochemical alterations in rats exposed to fluvoxamine, suggesting it may interact with serotonergic systems ^[21]. Interactions with psychiatric medications are not well studied. There are no published case reports of severe allergic reactions, but any peptide can cause hypersensitivity. If you develop hives, facial swelling, or difficulty breathing, stop and seek care. Pregnancy and breastfeeding status is unknown. There are no human studies. I would not use Semax in those populations. Cardiovascular safety is understudied. A 2017 study in *Molecular Genetics and Genomics* found that Semax regulates expression of immune response genes during ischemic brain injury, including genes related to inflammation and vascular remodeling ^[22]. That suggests complex systemic effects. If you have uncontrolled hypertension or a history of stroke, you're using an unapproved drug with limited long-term data. That's a risk I'd weigh carefully. For a longer discussion, see Semax side effects.

What does the genomic and proteomic data tell us about Semax's mechanism?

Semax modulates gene expression in ways that are neuroprotective and neurorestorative, at least in rodent models. A 2024 study in *Biomedicines* found that ACTH-like peptides, including Semax, compensate for gene expression disruption caused by ischemia one day after experimental stroke in rats ^[23]. A 2020 transcriptome study in *Genes* identified effects on genes related to inflammation, neurosignaling, and vascular repair ^[14]. A 2021 proteomics study in the *International Journal of Molecular Sciences* confirmed changes in brain protein expression that match neuroprotection ^[24]. One 2010 study in *Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology* found that Semax and the Pro-Gly-Pro fragment activate transcription of neurotrophins (BDNF, NGF) and their receptors after cerebral ischemia ^[25]. That increase in BDNF is one of the most consistent findings across studies and likely explains some of the cognitive and mood effects. A 2023 study in *Chemical Biology & Drug Design* found that synthetic corticotropins, including Semax, interact with the GABA-A receptor system, producing both immediate and delayed effects ^[26]. GABA modulation could explain anxiolytic or sedative effects some users report. A 2022 study in *Genes* examined glyproline peptides (the C-terminal fragment of Semax) and found modulation of inflammatory and neurosignaling genetic responses after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion ^[27]. The data suggests that the full Semax molecule and its fragments have overlapping but distinct mechanisms. This is real molecular pharmacology. The problem is that it's all in rodents or in vitro. Translating these findings to human dosing and clinical outcomes requires trials that have not been done in the U.S.

What's the future of Semax access in the United States?

Unless a U.S. company sponsors an Investigational New Drug application and completes Phase I-III trials, Semax will not be FDA-approved in the foreseeable future. That process costs tens of millions of dollars and takes years. There is no patent protection (the molecule has been known for decades), so no company has a financial incentive to pursue approval. The FDA could finalize its decision on Semax's inclusion on the 503A bulk substances list. If it's added, compounding pharmacies will have clear authority to use it. If it's denied, the enforcement discretion window closes and compounding becomes riskier for pharmacies. As of mid-2024, the nomination is pending. The gray market will persist as long as there is demand and limited enforcement. Customs may seize more packages if the FDA decides to ramp up import enforcement, but historically the agency has focused on overtly dangerous drugs, not nootropics with decades of foreign clinical use. For people who want Semax, the provider-plus-compounding-pharmacy route is the only one that follows U.S. law and gives you a product you can verify. It's not perfect (you're still using an unapproved drug), but it's the best available option.

Should you buy Semax, and if so, how?

If you're considering Semax, you should know three things: the evidence is real but not FDA-vetted, the legal supply chain in the U.S. is narrow, and the gray market is unregulated and risky. The Russian clinical history and the animal literature are enough to make me take Semax seriously. The absence of U.S. trials is a data gap, not proof of inefficacy. I'd want to see those trials before calling Semax proven, but I also wouldn't dismiss decades of clinical use as meaningless. If I wanted Semax, I'd go through a provider and a compounding pharmacy. I'd ask the pharmacy for a certificate of analysis showing potency, sterility, and endotoxin testing. I'd start at the low end of the dose range (300 mcg once daily) and assess response. I'd cycle it rather than using it continuously, because nobody has long-term human safety data. I would not order from a gray-market peptide vendor. The cost savings are not worth the quality uncertainty. If you can't afford the compounded route ($200 to $400 for an initial supply), you probably shouldn't use Semax at all. For those ready to pursue the legitimate route, Semax Labs offers provider-reviewed access and fulfillment through a U.S. compounding pharmacy. It's not perfect (the drug itself is not FDA-approved), but it's the only model where you're working within the law and getting a product you can verify. That's what I'd recommend to anyone who's decided the evidence is strong enough to justify the experiment.

Frequently asked questions

Is Semax legal to buy in the United States?

No. Semax is an unapproved drug under FDA regulations and cannot legally be imported for personal use or sold as a supplement. The only legal route is a prescription filled by a compounding pharmacy, which requires a provider willing to prescribe an unapproved drug. Gray-market vendors exist but operate outside the law.

Why does r/nootropics have so many posts about buying Semax if it's not legal?

Because there's a gray market. Peptide vendors sell Semax with "research purposes only" disclaimers, and enforcement is inconsistent. Customs may seize packages, but buyers are rarely prosecuted. The subreddit discusses these vendors, often in coded language, because they're the most common source despite the legal risk.

Can I get Semax from a U.S. compounding pharmacy without a prescription?

No. Compounding pharmacies are required by law to fill prescriptions written by licensed providers. You cannot walk into a pharmacy and request Semax over the counter. The provider must document a clinical rationale and the patient must consent to using an unapproved drug.

What's the price difference between gray-market Semax and compounded Semax?

Gray-market Semax nasal spray typically costs $35 to $90 per vial. Compounded Semax from a U.S. pharmacy costs $90 to $200 per vial, plus a provider consultation fee ($75 to $300 for the first visit). The compounded route is more expensive but gives you verified quality and legal compliance.

Is Science.bio still selling Semax?

No. Science.bio shut down in early 2022. It was one of the most trusted gray-market peptide vendors on r/nootropics, but it's gone. Other vendors have tried to fill the gap, but none have the same reputation for quality or reliability.

How do I know if a gray-market Semax product is real?

You can't. Vendors sometimes provide certificates of analysis, but those tests are not independently verified and the labs may not follow accreditation standards. There's no regulatory oversight, so you're trusting a seller you can't vet. Contamination, underdosing, and mislabeling are all possible.

Does insurance cover Semax from a compounding pharmacy?

Almost never. Semax is not FDA-approved, so it's not on any insurance formulary. You'll pay out of pocket. Some health savings accounts (HSAs) may reimburse compounded medications if the provider documents medical necessity, but coverage varies.

Can I import Semax from Russia for personal use?

Technically no, but enforcement is inconsistent. The FDA's personal importation policy allows small quantities of unapproved drugs in narrow circumstances (serious condition, no domestic alternative, no commercialization intent). Semax doesn't meet those criteria. Customs can seize the package, and you have no recourse if they do.

What's the shelf life of Semax nasal spray?

Compounding pharmacies typically assign a beyond-use date of 30 to 90 days for nasal sprays stored in the refrigerator. Gray-market products may have longer printed expiration dates, but those are unverified. Peptides degrade with heat, light, and time, so refrigerate and use promptly.

Is N-acetyl-semax-amidate better than regular Semax?

It's more stable and may have a longer duration of action, but there's less human data. Users on r/nootropics report stronger effects, but that's anecdotal. The structural modifications change how the peptide interacts with enzymes and receptors, but no head-to-head clinical trial has compared them.

What happens if my Semax order is seized by customs?

You lose the money. Customs doesn't refund seized products. The seller may or may not reship, depending on their policy. You won't be prosecuted for a small personal-use quantity, but the product is gone. That's a risk of the gray market.

Can I use Semax if I'm on antidepressants?

Maybe, but there's no good interaction data. One study found that Semax affects serotonergic and dopaminergic systems in rats, so it could theoretically interact with SSRIs, SNRIs, or MAOIs. Talk to the prescribing provider. Don't combine them based on Reddit advice.

How long does it take to feel effects from Semax?

Most users report effects within 30 minutes to 2 hours after intranasal dosing. Cognitive effects (focus, memory, mood) may build over several days. The Russian clinical protocols use 10 to 14-day courses, suggesting that some benefits are cumulative. Single-dose studies show immediate changes on brain imaging.

Where can I find the FDA's decision on Semax for compounding?

The FDA maintains a list of nominated bulk substances under review, updated periodically. Semax has been nominated but no final decision has been published as of mid-2024. Check the FDA's bulk drug substances page at fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding for updates. If it's added to the 503A list, compounding becomes clearly legal.

Sources

1. FDA, Drugs@FDA database: Semax is not approved by the FDA for any indication (no listing in the FDA-approved drug products database)
2. 21 CFR 216.23, FDA 503A bulk substances list: Semax is not listed on the FDA's 503A bulk substances list for compounding pharmacies
3. 21 CFR 216.24, FDA 503B bulk substances list: Semax is not listed on the FDA's 503B bulk substances list for outsourcing facilities
4. 21 CFR 201.128, meaning of intended uses: FDA regulations define intended use by labeling and marketing claims, making personal importation of unapproved drugs illegal unless meeting narrow policy exceptions
5. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2018 (PMID 29798983): Semax showed efficacy in patients at different stages of ischemic stroke in Russian clinical practice
6. BMC Genomics, 2014 (PMID 24661604): Semax affects expression of genes related to immune and vascular systems in rat brain focal ischemia (genome-wide transcriptional analysis)
7. Doklady Biological Sciences, 2020 (PMID 32342318): Functional connectomic approach showed distinct effects of Selank and Semax on brain network connectivity in rodents
8. 21 U.S.C. 353a, pharmacy compounding statute: 503A compounding pharmacies may use bulk substances if they appear on the FDA bulk list or meet specific statutory criteria
9. FDA, bulk drug substances used in compounding under 503A: FDA does not intend to take action against 503A pharmacies using nominated substances still under review, provided they follow good compounding practices
10. FDA, bulk drug substances nominated for use in compounding (current list): Semax has been nominated for inclusion on the 503A bulk substances list; nominations are publicly listed and updated periodically
11. British Journal of Pharmacology, 2025 (PMID 40692165): Semax targets the μ opioid receptor gene Oprm1 and promotes deubiquitination and functional recovery after spinal cord injury in female mice
12. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 2022 (PMID 35080861): Semax affects copper-induced amyloid beta aggregation and amyloid formation in artificial membrane models
13. Journal of Neurochemistry, 2006 (PMID 16635254): Semax binds specifically and increases levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein in rat basal forebrain
14. Genes, 2020 (PMID 32580520): Transcriptome analysis found that Semax modulated gene expression in rat brain regions with different degrees of ischemic damage
15. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2018 (PMID 30225715): Semax produced changes in the default mode network on fMRI in human volunteers
16. CNS Spectrums, 2008 (PMID 18204410): Discussed theoretical potential of Semax for depression, citing preclinical data
17. Neurochemical Research, 2005 (PMID 16362768): Semax activates dopaminergic and serotoninergic brain systems in rodents
18. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Global Research & Reviews, 2026 (PMID 41490200): Therapeutic peptides face challenges in quality control including aggregation, oxidation, and variable bioavailability
19. Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I.M. Sechenova, 2010 (PMID 21268834): Intranasal, intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes of Semax administration compared in rats; intranasal produced nootropic and analgesic effects
20. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 2016 (PMID 27586814): N-terminus acetylation of Semax affects copper(II) and zinc(II) coordination and biological properties
21. Neuropeptides, 2021 (PMID 33418449): Semax attenuated behavioural and neurochemical alterations in rats exposed to fluvoxamine
22. Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 2017 (PMID 28255762): Semax regulates expression of immune response genes during ischemic brain injury in rats
23. Biomedicines, 2024 (PMID 39767736): ACTH-like peptides including Semax compensate for gene expression disruption caused by ischemia one day after experimental stroke in rats
24. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2021 (PMID 34201112): Brain protein expression profile confirmed neuroprotective effect of Semax in a rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion
25. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 2010 (PMID 19633950): Semax and Pro-Gly-Pro activate transcription of neurotrophins (BDNF, NGF) and their receptor genes after cerebral ischemia
26. Chemical Biology & Drug Design, 2023 (PMID 36828803): Synthetic corticotropins including Semax interact with the GABA-A receptor system, producing direct and delayed effects
27. Genes, 2022 (PMID 36553646): Glyproline peptides (C-terminal fragment of Semax) modulate inflammatory and neurosignaling genetic responses after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion